Capt. Tod Carter is Captured

Then followed the Battle of Missionary Ridge, about a month later, on November 25, 1863, the Ridge being east of Chattanooga. It was here that Capt. Tod Carter was captured.

The late afternoon sun glistened off burnished bayonets. Shadows lengthened. Bragg's Army had three defensive positions on the Ridge: the first was at the base, a strong line of rifle pits. The second was half-way up, intended to give security to those who might be forced from the base. The third was at the 600-foot summit, where the Ridge was razor-back thin. There was no plateau here on which to re-form. Volleys from the Federal line thundered along the Ridge. Bragg's rifle pits were captured, and his forward position overrun. The Confederates fell back and began laboring up the impossible mountain side! Gen. Grant reported that he sent north no less than 6,100 Confederate prisoners after the battles around Chattanooga. Those Confederates who were not casualties retired to Dalton, Georgia, and went into winter quarters. But several months would elapse before Capt. Tod Carter would arrive at Dalton. On December 4, 1863 he was forwarded to S.E. Jones, Provost Marshal at Louisville, Kentucky, the relay station being at Broadway and Tenth Avenue.

On the following day he was discharged from the Louisville prison and sent to the Federal prison on Johnson's Island, near Sandusky, Ohio. (See Register No. 1, Official Records, page6O). This Depot, Prisoners of War, as it was called, had been established in the fall of 1861 for captured Confederate officers. Johnson's Island, containing 275 acres, only 40 acres being in the prison grounds, is three miles off shore from the city of Sandusky. There were barracks to accommodate 3,000 prisoners, a hospital, mess hall, and block houses. The bunks were three tiers high, wide enough for two men to sleep, and supplied with bed ticks filled with straw. The barracks were warmed with cast iron box stoves, using wood for fuel, and lighted with tallow candles. The prison yard was surrounded by a fence built of plank, two inches thick, placed on end and about 16 feet high. A gunboat lay at anchor some 200 yards from the prison. It is said that on January 1, 1864 the temperature on Johnson's Island fell to 26 degrees below zero. There were never enough blankets.

In a badly worn red-lined wallet found among Col. Moscow Branch Carter's possessions at his death in 1913, and believed to have been Tod Carter's wallet, was a letter which Moscow had preserved for forty-nine years. It was a letter written by Moscow on March 1, 1864 and addressed to his brother:
Capt. Tod Carter, Prisoner of War, Johnson's Island, Ohio, Block 8, Mess No. 1. This letter had been mailed at Nashville, Tennessee, on March 4. In it Moscow had described the occupation of Franklin and had added: "I have a little piece of news you may never have heard before. After your capture (At Missionary Ridge), your horse swam the river, and returned to camp in full rig. The boys thought for a long time you were killed, seeing your horse without you." Moscow also mentioned that the last letter he had received from Tod had been dated Feb.8, in which letter Tod had said that he expected to be transferred to Point Lookout (near Baltimore, Maryland).

Official Records show that Tod was indeed scheduled to be transferred to Baltimore on February 9, 1864. Moscow's letter was duly forwarded to Point Lookout from Johnson's Island, and the postmark on the envelope was May 4, 1864. But Tod Carter was not at Johnson's Island nor was heat Point Lookout to receive his brother's letter!

Tod Escapes

It was "while crossing the State of Pennsylvania en route to a northern prison,",according to family tradition, that,Tod made his daring escape from a moving train in the darkness of night. He feigned sleep, with his feet resting in the train window, and his head in his seat companion's lap. When the guard looked the other way, Tod's seat companion gave him a shove out the train window! The train was stopped and a searching party was sent back to look for him, but Tod had made his escape. A northern farm couple befriended him, and in disguise, he made his way back to Memphis, Tennessee, by way of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. From Memphis he made his way to Dalton, Georgia, where the Twentieth Tennessee Regiment was still encamped.

Tod Re-joins the Twentieth Tennessee Regiment

The exact date that Tod reached Dalton has not been established, but official records show that he was "absent" in January and February, and "present" in March and April, 1864. Therefore it appears that between February 9 and sometime in March, Tod made his way from Pennsylvania to Georgia to rejoin his Regiment. To further establish the fact of his successful escape and his presence again with his old outfit, we refer to two receipts for $20.00 loans made to soldiers and signed by him thus: "The. Carter, A.Q.M., Twentieth Tennessee Regiment, at Camp near Dalton, Georgia, April 15, 1864."

Gen. Joseph E. Johnson, who had replaced Gen. Braxton Bragg after the defeat at Missionary Ridge, waited at Dalton, Georgia, with about 42,000 Confederates. On May 6 Gen. W. Tecumseh Sherman opened his Georgia campaign in front of Dalton.

On July 18 Gen. John B. Hood replaced Gen. Johnson as Commander of the Army of Tennessee, withdrawing from Atlanta on September 1. On September 29 he started northward toward Middle Tennessee, just a few days after President Jefferson Davis had visited his Army. The men were "lashed by rain, sleet, snow, and freezing cold," and rations consisted of "three sinkers a day," sinkers being biscuits made from unbolted wheat flour without milk, grease, salt, or soda. Many wore rags tied on their feet or "green hides," for their shoes were worn out.

On November 21 Gen. Hood crossed his Army over the Tennessee River at Tuscumbia and Florence, Alabama, and led it toward Columbia, Tennessee, by way of Lawrenceburg and Mt. Pleasant, Tennessee. Gen. John M. Schofield, of the Union Army, who had been a classmate of Gen. Hood's at West Point, reached Columbia on November 24, having kept just ahead of Gen. Hood in the convergent movement upon this Middle Tennessee town.

As far as is known Capt. Tod Carter had not returned home to Franklin since that day three and one-half years before when he had enlisted in the company being formed by his older brother, Moscow. But on November 28, 1864 he held in his hand what was perhaps the most treasured order ever in his possession! The order was written on a mere scrap of tablet paper but it was signed by his commanding officer! It read:

Headquarters Tyler's Brigade, In the field-near Columbia,Tennessee

November 28,1864

The. Carter, Aide-de-Camp, has permission to go in advance of this command to Franklin

By order of T.B. Smith, Brig. Gen'l, commanding.


Tod's home town, Franklin, Tennessee, and his beloved family less than twenty-five miles away and he had permission to go into Franklin ahead of the Brigade of which he was a member! At home was his aged father, Fountain Branch Carter, now 67. Here too was his older brother, Col. Moscow Branch Carter, who had been a prisoner of war at home on parole for about a year. Here at home were his four sisters and his beloved sister-in-law. In addition there were nine little nieces and nephews, all under twelve years of age. No doubt Tod thought of his father's fireside that November day, and the hams and bacon that always filled the smoke-house, and the good meals the servants prepare in the little kitchen in the yard. No doubt he had often longed for his own restful bed while sleeping on the frozen ground. But most of all he longed to sit once more at his father's breakfast table with all the members of his beloved family!

The horseback journey on a rather rough road from a point in the field near Columbia to Franklin was a long and tedious one. Finally he and his good friend, Sgt. James L. Cooper reached Winstead Hill, about two miles from the Carter House. At the foot of the hill on the west side of the Columbia Turnpike was the home of Mr. Green Neeley. Here Tod and James spent the night of November 29, both sleeping under the same Army blanket. Mr. Neeley recounted later that Tod was "in a perfect ecstasy of joy" at the thought of seeing his family the next morning! Tod also talked to an old friend and neighbor, Mrs. Sophronia Reams and told her that he would "eat breakfast at his father's house in the morning"!

History has recorded the momentous events that occurred during the night of November 29, 1864. A Union Army of about 24,000 under Gen. John M. Schofield by-passed the sleeping Confederate Army, under Gen. John B. Hood, at Spring Hill, which is about half-way between Columbia and Franklin. All night a double column seven miles long marched down the Columbia Pike past the Green Neeley house. This Union Army was trying desperately to join the forces of Gen. George H. Thomas at Nashville, about eighteen miles to the north. But the bridges overthe Harpeth Riverat Franklin had been all but destroyed. The ford over the swollen stream was at this time impassable. The pontoons which had been ordered had not arrived. Gen. Schofield was greatly agitated. He put Gen. Jacob D. Cox in command while he went to see what could be done about river crossings.

"By the level beams of the rising sun it was determined that the Carter Hill was the key to any strong defense in front of the town", wrote Gen. Jacob D. Cox U.S.A. in "The Battle of Franklin". They must prepare to make a stand if need be.

At four-thirty in the morning, Gen. Cox, accompanied by his mounted staff, awakened Fountain Branch Carter and, in the custom of the Army, commandeered the Carter House, which became the Federal Command Post. Weary Union soldiers, "loosening pistol holsters and sword belts, threw themselves upon the floor of the front sitting room or parlor for a little much-needed sleep. They were everywhere, in and about the house! Their inner line of entrenchments was dug just sixty feet south of the Carter House, in line with the smoke-house and farm office. Four barns were torn down in order to obtain timber for head-logs in their entrenchments, and timbers were also torn from the Carter cotton-gin across the road.

No doubt Tod knew that the Union Army filled the Columbia Turnpike ... but did he not know his way home through the woods, every mile of which he had explored as a boy? Most likely he had not learned that soldiers of the Union Army also had possession of his home. Did Tod come to his beloved home once more?

This story was found in an old scrap-book. A correspondent for the Philadelphia Times came south many years after the war, searching old war scenes. He picked up this story from old Si, his Negro wagon-driver. As Si approached the battleground at Franklin, he reined in his horses and stopped in front of the Carter House. He began to tell the correspondent how young Capt. Tod Carter had returned to his locust-shaded home on the morning of November 30, how he had stopped at the garden gate, which was between the smoke-house and the farm office, with tears streaming down his face. Before lifting the latch he paused to thank God he was back home again. Then he suddenly saw a loved one frantically motioning to him to "Go Back"! Perhaps he ate no breakfast at all that morning. He made his way back to Winstead Hill.

By noon the Federal line of breastworks was nearly completed, wrote Gen. Cox. The camp dinner was over. Horses were fed and saddled. A group of orderlies lounged on the grass by the roadside at the foot of the hill, while officers were sitting on the back veranda of the Carter House, smoking or sleeping, as the mood took them. The day was bright and warm, Indian summer weather, coming after the first sharp frosts and snows of winter. Except for an occasional straggler following his command in, nothing was to be seen between the Carter House and Winstead Hill. While preparations for the impending battle were going on, the Carter family were not inattentive observers. They had witnessed on other occasions sharp skirmishes between Rebel cavalry raiders and the Federal pickets stationed about the premises,in which men were killed and wounded, some in the yard, and even in the house itself. They felt themselves somewhat inured to the casualties of war; but the great number of men now so hurriedly and so intently engaged in demolishing houses and constructing works of defense, looked to them painfully ominous. The scene presented was on a bigger scale than anything they had ever seen before. It created feelings of profound anxiety. Whether to abandon home and the little that was left to them, after three years and more of devastation, and to seek personal safety in flight, was the all-absorbing thought. In either aspect the prospect was discouraging. To leave home, pillage was almost certain, and blackened ruins might be all that would be left to greet their return. With one accord it was determined to remain. Perhaps their presence would be respected and the house spared. They would trust to God to shield themselves from harm.

Although Hood was said to be a rash fighter, it was hardly thought he would be reckless enough to make a determined assault on the formidable works in front of him. But to be prepared for any emergency, it was directed that a bundle of clothing, proportioned to the strength of each one, be prepared, for the two-fold purpose of having that much saved in case all else was lost, and for partial protection should they be forced to leave the house. If the latter were necessary, all were instructed to throw their respective bundles over their backs, and follow the leader withersoever he led."

Those Who Took Refuge In The Cellar


With the aid of older members of the Carter family, the author has compiled a list of the names of those who comprised the Carter household at this time:

Tod's father, Fountain Branch Carter, 67, for twelve years a widower, his wife Mary Armistead Atkinson Carter, having died in 1852.

Tod's older brother, Moscow Branch Carter, 39, formerly a Lt. Colonel in the Twentieth Tennessee Regiment, Volunteer Infantry, Confederate States Army, but now a prisoner of war at home on parole. He too was a widower,his wife, "Callie", having died in 1860, leaving four small children: Mary Orlena, known as "Lena", almost twelve; Walter Fountain 10: Annie Josephine 6: Hugh Ewing 4.

Tod's sister, Mary Alice Carter McPhail 29, who had returned to Franklin from Texas at her father's insistence, when her husband, Daniel McPhail, had joined the Eighth Texas Cavalry. With her were their three small children: Orlando ("Lannie") who was 1]; Alice Adelaide 8; and Marcus 7.

Three other sisters: Sarah Holcomb ("Sallie") 27-, Annie Vick Carter McKinney 28, widow of Aaron McKinney, who had died in 1856, three months after they were married; and Frances Hodge Carter ("Fanny") 20.

Tod's beloved sister-in-law, Sallie Dobbins McKinney Carter 28 widow of James Fountain Carter, Tod's brother who had died in Mississippi in 1859. With her were two small children: Fountain McKinley Carter 1 1, and Ruth James,6.

There were two colored servants. It has been brought to the author's attention that most probably there was also a little colored boy named "Oscar" who was born in 1861. (Oscar became the father of Jesse Carter, a well-known hospital worker, and died at the age of 92.)

To the members of the Carter household were added "a family of five, near neighbors, who sought the protection of the stout walls of the Carter House just before the combat opened," wrote Gen. Jacob D. Cox in his book, The Battle of Franklin. It has been ascertained that this was the Albert Lotz family who lived in the white-columned frame house located on the east side of Columbia Pike, slightly to the north of the Carter House. Mr. Lotz had, purchased 5 acres from Fountain Branch Carter in 1858. From 1978 correspondence with Mr. David Lotz of Menlo Park, California, a great grandson of Mr. and Mrs. Albert Lotz, it has been learned that the children were Paul, who was nine; Matilda, who was six on the day before the Battle; Augustus who was only two. It is possible, wrote David Lotz, that Amelia who was seventeen, was also in the Carter House cellar during the Battle. Mr. Albert Lotz and his wife, Margaretha, were natives of Germany, having been naturalized in Franklin in 1859. He was a master carpenter, designer of furniture, builder and tuner of fine pianos. In 1870 they sold their home to Robert G. Buchanan and moved to San Jose, California. From his great granddaughter, Mrs. Jeanette Jandebeur of Walnut Creek, California, we have learned that Albert Lotz carved the furnishings in the Williamson County Court House, built in 1858.

Thus it is shown that there were in all twelve little children under twelve years of age who endured the horrors of a battle raging over their heads ... but no harm came to them.

It is known by the family that Fountain Branch Carter had a hole dug in the cellar in the section toward the village, and here all the meat from the smokehouse was hidden, lest it be taken by enemy soldiers. A board was placed over the meat, the bricks were replaced in the floor, and a table was placed over the spot. Enemy soldiers did not find it.

The Union soldiers were "lolling around on the porch and on the grass in front of the Carter House" wrote Gen. Cox in The Battle of Franklin. Two were sitting on the back steps of the Carter House when the "first premonition of battle came in the shape of a shell tearing off a portion of the cornice of the porch and exploding in the yard near-by." Another shell followed passing completely through the small room of the ell! A Union staff officer came dashing in from a point further out the Pike and reported that the Confederates were moving forward in line of battle! Their solid lines, to the right, to the left, and in front, advancing at a rapid pace, showed plainly enough that the crash was at hand!

Although the Carter House had withstood the shock of former conflicts, they seemed as child's play to the approaching storm! But there was no time now for members of the Carter household to flee to the village, so suddenly had bullets begun to fall. They took refuge in the rock-walled cellar. A minnie ball pierced the hat worn by little Fountain McKinley Carter as he stood in the back yard. His sister, little Ruth James Carter, cursed a Yankee soldier and angered him greatly. (He was said to be drunk.) She ran to the kitchen and her black mammy carried her to her mother. She was taken upstairs and hidden in a hole in the plastering behind the bed. Yankee soldiers were heard stomping through the house down stairs and it is said they told Fountain Branch Carter they would burn the house down if they could not find her! Fountain Branch Carter went to the Court House to ask the Provost Marshal for a guard. All the women of the family were ordered to take the Oath of Allegiance, it is said.

Col. Moscow's oldest child, little Lena, almost twelve, was no where to be found when bullets began to hit the house and the others ran to the cellar. The cellar door was being closed. Lena had run up-stairs to get her precious doll and her doll trunk!

"Hardly had the cellar been reached", said Col. Carter, "before the din of battle grew appalling!"

When the armies met it "seemed as if Hell itself had exploded", wrote Gen. George W. Gordon. "The very atmosphere was hideous with the shrieks of the messengers of death. The booming of cannon, the bursting of bombs, the incessant rattle of musketry, the shrieking of shells, the whizzing of bullets, and the shouting of hosts all added to the horror of that night".

Dr. Henry M. Field in "Bright Skies and Dark Shadows" quotes Col. Carter as saying that as the mass of Union soldiers surged around the Carter House, some shrank from the awful fire and crowded into the cellar-way. The family retreated behind a partition, but as there was no way of barring the door, the intruders pressed in there also, and then into the third most northerly section of this underground refuge. At this point as Col. Carter himself relates. he turned upon the Union soldiers, cursing them, and drove them out!

Little Alice Adelaide McPhail though only eight years of age, remembered seeing two soldiers in blue uniforms hiding in the big fire-place in the most southerly room of the cellar. She also saw several hiding behind a tool box.

"In the gloom of the cellar the little children cowered at the feet of their parents, and all seemed in a state of acute expectancy, but gave no audible sound of fear", related Col. Carter. "While the terrible din of battle lasted it seemed to the adults that they must die of terror if it did not cease, but when there was a lull the suspense of fearful expectation seemed worse than the sound of battle".

Added to the horrors of that night was the anxiety of the Carter family for the safety of Capt. Tod Carter.

Tod's duties as an Assistant Quartermaster did not require him to engage in combat. His good friend, Sgt. Cooper, tried to persuade him to remain out of the Battle. But Tod replied that no power on earth could keep him out of this fight! The enemy had built breastworks across his own father's farm and his own home was overrun by the Union soldiers who had made his home their Headquarters!

Since September 24, 1864 Tod Carter had served as an Aide to Gen. Thomas Benton Smith, now commanding Tyler's Brigade in Bate's Division. The vanguard of Gen. Hood's Army of Tennessee had reached Winstead Hill at about two o'clock in the afternoon of November 30. Bate's Division was massed at the foot of the Hill at three o'clock with orders to take ground to the west until it cleared Brown's Division and Privet Knob, a prominent elevation to the west of Columbia Pike. Having turned to the left, its advance was guided by the house of Mrs. Bostick, "Everbright", near the Carter's Creek Turnpike. Having passed through Mrs. Bostick's yard, with Gen. Smith's Brigade to the west, they moved forward straight toward the Carter House. Here the men were terribly exposed for the Twentieth Ohio Battery had been placed just west of the Carter smoke-house for the purpose of effecting an artillery cross-fire from Carter Hill as the Confederates advanced, sweeping the approaches in the direction of the Bostick place.

It was on the first charge and when nearest the enemy's works that Capt. Tod Carter dashed through the lines on his horse, "Rosencrantz", with drawn sword, reaching as far as his arm would allow toward the enemy. He was leading the charge in the center of Bate's Division. His horse was seen to plunge and those near him knew he had been struck. Tod was thrown over his horse's head and when he struck the ground he lay very still. The hour was five o'clock, just as the sun was setting. He had been mortally wounded only about 525 feet southwest of his home, the Carter House.

From the darkness of the cellar inquiries could be made through the iron grating of thesmall cellar window as to how the battle was going. Shortly after midnight it was learned that the battle lines were empty, save for the dead and wounded. The Union Army's retirement had been conducted very quietly and they had proceeded toward Nashville to join Gen. Thomas, a destination they would have reached the preceeding day, had there only been a means of crossing the Harpeth River! Finally the twenty-three or more persons over whose heads the battle had raged, the Carter family, the colored servants, and their neighbors the Albert Lotz family, emerged from the cellar, unharmed, thanking God for their deliverance.

Scarcely had mutual congratulations been exchanged when a Confederate soldier brought the tidings that Capt. Tod Carter lay wounded on the field. Tod's oldest brother, Col. Carter, a prisoner of war at home on parole, who had thus far directed affairs, went immediately in search, but by misdirection went to another part of the field. In the meantime, Gen. Thomas Benton Smith, of whose staff Tod was a member, reported the casualty, and led the way, followed by Tod's father, three of his sisters, and his sister-in-law. Mary Alice McPhail stayed with the little children.

In the darkness and the smoke of battle which had settled near the earth, they climbed over the breastworks and the trenches, carrying lanterns. They could scarcely walk for the dead piled upon the field. Into many faces they peered, looking for Tod. Other searchers filled the field carrying torches, for thousands lay upon that field of death. It was just before day that Tod was found, lying upon the cold ground, his horse, a powerful gray, lay dead near-by. His wounds had rendered him delirious, but when found he was calling Sgt. Cooper's name, and continued to call it at times until the end. Sgt. Cooper had spoken to him just a few minutes before he was shot down, telling him not to start his men forward too soon, but his reckless daring caused him to do so.

Tod was gently lifted by Mr. Nathan Morris, Captain of Litterbearers, assisted by a Mr. Lawrence and a Mr. L.M. Bailey of Alabama. They placed him on an army overcoat and carried him through the garden gate between the smoke house and the farm office. It seems logical that he would be taken up the stone steps at the south end of the back veranda. For, according to an old letter written by Mr. Bailey some years after the war, he was first taken into the debris-filled family room, wrecked by shot and shell, and laid upon the floor. There was scarcely a place to lay him down.

The young women who had found Tod, thought to have been his sister Fanny and his sister-in-law Sallie Dobbins McKinney Carter, were so overcome by grief they lay across the bed. The Carter House was still filled with the dead and wounded of the Union Army who had been left behind, and skulkers.

On the afternoon of December 1, according to a story by "Frances" (thought to be Frances Adlicia McEwen) in the Confederate Veteran Magazine dated March 1895, a group of young ladies who were students at the Franklin Female Institute visited the Carter family to express their sympathy. They entered the front hall and were shown to a small room on the ell, which was Tod's sister Annie's room. Here a soft light revealed the form of Tod Carter, with bandages around his head. Bending over him and begging for just one word of recognition were his heart-broken sisters who whispered softly, "Brother's come home at last."

Dr. Deering Roberts, Regimental Surgeon, probed for the bullet which entered Tod's head, while two young nieces, Alice Adelaide McPhail and little Lena Carter, assisted by holding a candle and a small lamp, the only light available in the early morning darkness. But Tod Carter died on December 2 at the age of twenty-four. He died in the front sitting-room, across the hall from the room in which he was born. A simple stone in "Rest Haven" Cemetery at Franklin, Tennessee, marks his last resting place.

Seldom in the perils of war has a soldier been found on the battlefield by members of his own family, having been directed to the place where he fell by his own commanding general, to be carried from the field into his own home, to die beneath the roof of the house where he was born, surrounded by his own loved ones--for many a Confederate soldier's bones were left to bleach on the field where he fell.

Because it is unparalleled in the heart-breaking annals of war, the story of young Capt. Tod Carter's death is told and re-told to each succeeding generation, though it occurred more than a century ago.



ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Rosalie Carter, great niece of Capt. Tod Carter, granddaughter of Col. Moscow Branch Carter, and great granddaughter of Fountain Branch Carter, was born at a cottage which stood next door to the Old Carter House. She has spent her entire life just a few hundred yards from the Battlefield at Franklin, Tennessee. She knew her grandfather and his younger brother, Francis Watkins Carter, personally. As a very young girl it was her privilege to welcome the Veterans attending the Fifty-First Anniversary of the Battle of Franklin, her words of welcome having been written by that beloved historian of Franklin, Miss Susie Gentry.

She is a graduate of the Dental School of Vanderbilt University, as was her father, Dr. Moscow Branch Carter, Jr., both father and daughter having been-elected Life Members of the American Dental Association, and both holding membership in the Vanderbilt Quinq Club. She has served as Vice-President of the Tennessee Dental Association, and National President of the Association of American Women Dentists. She has served as Tennessee State President of both the National League of American Pen Women and the National Federation of Business and Professional Women Clubs. She has served as Vice-President of the Tennessee Branch, Huguenot Society of the Founders of Manakintowne in the Colony of Virginia, and Regent of the "Old Glory" Chapter Daughers of the American Revolution. She is a member of the National Society Dames of the Magna Carta, Williamson County and Tennessee Historical Societies. She is President of Franklin Chapter No. 14 United Daughters of the Confederacy.

She is the author of a handbook entitled, "A Visit To The Carter House", this historic shrine, restored and owned by the State of Tennessee, in commemoration of the Battle of Franklin, being her ancestral home. She is listed in Marquis 'Who's Who of Women, Chicago; International Who's Who in Poetry,London; World's Who's Who of Women, Cambridge, England.



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